Workshop on

The Roadmap for the Revitalization of High-End Computing

COMPUTING RESEARCH ASSOCIATION

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JUNE 16-18, 2003

Edited by Daniel A. Reed

Table of Contents

PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

1.1. ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

1.2. COTS-BASED ARCHITECTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

1.3. CUSTOM ARCHITECTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

1.4. RUNTIME AND OPERATING SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

1.5. PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENTS AND TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

1.6. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

1.7. APPLICATION-DRIVEN SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

1.8. PROCUREMENT, ACCESSIBILITY, AND COST OF OWNERSHIP . . . . . .7

2. ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR HIGH-END COMPUTING . . . . . . . . . . . .9

2.1. ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

2.1.1. Device Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

2.1.2. Memory Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

2.1.3. Storage and I/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

2.1.4. Interconnects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

2.1.5. Single Chip Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

2.1.6. Power/Thermal Management and Packaging . . . . . . . . .14

2.1.7. Software Methods and Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

2.2. SUMMARY OF STRATEGIC FINDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

2.3. ENABLING TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

2.3.1. Time Scales and Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

2.3.2. Key Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

3. COTS-BASED ARCHITECTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

3.1. ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

3.1.1. Memory Systems and Interconnects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

3.1.2. System Heterogeneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

3.2. SUMMARY OF STRATEGIC FINDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

3.2.1. Government Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

3.2.2. Long-Term Research Funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

3.3. OTHER CHALLENGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

3.3.1. Parallel Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

3.3.2. Scalable Software and Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

4. CUSTOM ARCHITECTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

4.1. CUSTOM-ENABLED ARCHITECTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

4.1.1. Strategic Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

4.1.2. Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

4.2. SUMMARY STRATEGIC FINDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

4.2.1. Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

4.2.2. Near- and Medium-Term Oppor tunities . . . . . . . . . . . .27

4.2.3. Strategic Par tnerships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

4.2.4. Funding Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

4.2.5. Innovation in System Software and Programming

Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

4.2.6. Application Requirements Characterization . . . . . . . . . .29

4.2.7. Basic Research for End of Moore’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . .29

4.3. TECHNICAL DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE CUSTOM ARCHITECTURES . . . .30

4.3.1. Fundamental Oppor tunities Enabled by Custom

Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

4.3.2. Examples of Innovative Custom Architectures . . . . . . . .32

4.3.3. Enabling and Exploiting Global Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . .33

4.3.4. Enabling and Exploiting Function-Intensive Structures . . .34

4.3.5. Efficiency via Custom Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

4.3.6. Execution Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

4.4. OPEN ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

4.4.1. Programming and HEC Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

4.4.2. The Role of Universities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

4.5. ROADMAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

4.5.1. Five Years (FY05-FY09) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

4.5.2. Ten Years (FY10-FY14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

4.5.3. Fifteen Years (FY15-FY19) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

4.6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

5. RUNTIME AND OPERATING SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

5.1. RECURRING THEMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

5.2. OPERATING SYSTEM INTERFACES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

5.3. HARDWARE ABSTRACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

5.4. SCALABLE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

5.5. DATA MANAGEMENT AND FILE SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

5.6. PARALLEL AND NETWORK I/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

5.7. FAULT MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

5.8. CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

5.9. OPERATING SYSTEM PORTABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

5.10. OPERATING SYSTEM SECURITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

5.11. PROGRAMMING MODEL SUPPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

6. PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENTS AND TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

6.1. KEY OBSERVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

6.2. THE STATE OF THE ART AND AN EVOLUTIONARY

PATH FORWARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54

6.2.1. Software Productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55

6.3. REVOLUTIONARY APPROACHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

6.3.1. Research on the Hardware/Software Boundary . . . . . . .57

6.4. BEST PRACTICES AND EDUCATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

7. PERFORMANCE MODELING, METRICS, AND SPECIFICATIONS . . . . . . . .59

7.1. BASIC METRICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

7.2. CURRENT PRACTICE IN SYSTEM PROCUREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . .61

7.3. PERFORMANCE-BASED SYSTEM SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

7.3.1. Per formance Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

7.3.2. System Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64

7.3.3. Per formance Monitoring Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

7.3.4. Libraries, Compilers, and Self-Tuning Software . . . . . . .66

8. APPLICATION-DRIVEN SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

8.1. APPLICATION CHALLENGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

8.1.1. Lattice QCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70

8.1.2. Computational Biosciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70

8.2. SYSTEM CHALLENGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71

8.3. CURRENT SYSTEM LIMITATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

8.4. SUPPORT ENVIRONMENT REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

9. PROCUREMENT, ACCESSIBILITY, AND COST OF OWNERSHIP . . . . . . . .75

9.1. PROCUREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75

9.1.1. Requirements Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75

9.1.2. Evaluation Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76

9.1.3. Contract Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76

9.1.4. Process Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76

9.1.5. Other Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77

9.2. ACCESSIBILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77

9.3. COST OF OWNERSHIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78

10. REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81

APPENDIX A. PROGRAM COMMITTEE MEMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

APPENDIX B. WORKING GROUP CHARTERS AND PARTICIPANTS . . . . . . . . .85

B.1. ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85

B.1.1. Char ter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85

B.1.2. Par ticipants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85

B.2. COTS-BASED ARCHITECTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

B.2.1. Char ter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

B.2.2. Par ticipants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

B.3. CUSTOM ARCHITECTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87

B.3.1. Char ter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87

B.3.2. Par ticipants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87

B.4. RUNTIME AND OPERATING SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

B.4.1. Char ter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

B.4.2. Par ticipants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

B.5. PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENTS AND TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

B.5.1. Char ter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

B.5.2. Par ticipants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

B.6. PERFORMANCE MODELING, METRICS, AND SPECIFICATIONS . . . . .90

B.6.1. Char ter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

B.6.2. Par ticipants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

B.7. APPLICATION-DRIVEN SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91

B.7.1. Char ter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91

B.7.2. Par ticipants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91

B.8. PROCUREMENT, ACCESSIBILITY, AND COST OF OWNERSHIP . . . . . .92

B.8.1. Char ter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92

B.8.2. Par ticipants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92

APPENDIX C. LIST OF ATTENDEES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95

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Roadmap for IIOT

The German Standardisation Roadmap

Electric Mobility 2020

WG 4 – Standardisation and Certification

Technology Roadmaps:

Intelligent Mobility Technology, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, and Light Duty Vehicle Propulsion

June

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2017

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With significant input from a broad spectrum of our members from industry, academia, National Labs, and other recognized experts, the Institute is proud to release its second public Technology Roadmap. We are deeply indebted to those who contributed to this effort. This guiding document broadly frames the WBG technical landscape, outlines some of the manufacturing challenges we will address, and identifies some of the commercialization opportunities for wide bandgap semiconductor power electronics that will be pursued in the near term. We welcome feedback and input.

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Roadmapping is an active, ongoing process within the Institute. We genuinely wish to engage in a dialogue with practitioners throughout the WBG community regarding the technology, markets, applications, and all issues regarding WBG power electronics. We encourage you to contact us if you have any information to contribute or wish to discuss any of the roadmap contents. Please submit any questions or comments below and one of our staff will contact you promptly.

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北京市经济和信息化委员会关于印发《北京市机器人产业创新发展路线图》的通知

来源：智能装备处 发布日期：2017-09-25打印小中大

各区工业和信息化主管部门、北京经济技术开发区管委会、有关单位：

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现将《北京市机器人产业创新发展路线图》印发给你们，请认真贯彻执行。

特此通知。

附件：北京市机器人产业创新发展路线图

北京市经济和信息化委员会

2017年9月25日

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THE INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP FOR SEMICONDUCTORS 2.0: 2015

LINK TO ITRS 2.0, 2015 FULL EDITION DETAILS

2.0

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INTERNATIONAL

TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP

FOR

SEMICONDUCTORS 2.0

2015 EDITION

EXECUTIVE REPORT

THE ITRS 2.0 IS DEVISED AND INTENDED FOR TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT ONLY AND IS WITHOUT REGARD TO

ANY COMMERCIAL CONSIDERATIONS PERTAINING TO INDIVIDUAL PRODUCTS OR EQUIPMENT.

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Technology roadmapping—A planning framework for evolution and revolution

Robert Phaal*, Clare J.P. Farrukh, David R. Probert

Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Mill Lane, Cambridge, CB2 1RX, UK

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Received 9 May 2003; received in revised form 20 May 2003; accepted 26 May 2003

Abstract

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