This application was designed to support the role of a virtual end node (VEN) as defined in the OpenADR Alliance’s OpenADR 2.0 Profile B Specification (HTTP Pull Model), updated July 1, 2013. OpenADR is a machine-to-machine interface that defines the information model, transport and security mechanisms, and the manner in which data is exchanged between two end points. OpenADR 2.0 is an open specification that defines how information is communicated between an electricity service provider and customers, but it does not purport to define how either end point uses the information. This VEN application is one example of how the specification can be applied. This open source application with a graphical user interface, written in C#, was developed as a desktop application designed to provide users with a visual window into the OpenADR 2.0b interface, its information model, XML payloads, interactions with a VTN, and many other views.

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The intent of developing the source code and making it available to the open source community is to provide the electric power industry with a research tool to demonstrate and test the OpenADR 2.0 communication specification in different use cases to identify and correct potential gaps in the OpenADR 2.0 specification that can only be identified through a wide range of implementations.

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Abstract—This paper discusses the optimal demand response of power generation and consumption in an Energy Intensive Enterprise (EIE) that served by a single load-serving entity (LSE). We propose a distributed algorithm to minimize the total cost, in the presence of uncertain supply of its self-generation plants. The simulation results show that the algorithm is feasible. According to OpenADR 2.0, this paper also designs an automatic information transmission system for demand response optimization of the EIE. We describe the OpenADR communication architecture and communication services of the information transmission system, and the whole optimization process of the algorithm is fully performed by the system automatically. Communication process of the algorithm in the system is shown in simulation.

Abstract. Smart Grid has become more important for the efficient use of electric power and the demand reduction. As demand for electric power is increasing continuously despite its limited capacity. The demand reduction in Smart Grid can be achieved through DR (Demand Response) which reduces demand for electric power. In this paper, we analyzed the weaknesses of open source of Open ADR, protocol for Smart Grid DR, using CERT Java secure coding rules. We extracted the violations of rules such as OBJ01-J that means the scope of declaring member variables which should be obeyed in Object-Oriented Programming and IDS00-J that means the validation for input data which should be obeyed in Web environment. By eliminating the weaknesses we could enhance the security of Smart Grid communications.

The target audience for this guide is utilities planning to deploy Demand Response (DR) programs that utilize OpenADR 2.0 for communicating DR event related messages between the utility and downstream entities, and the manufacturers of equipment that facilitate that communication exchange. It is assumed that the reader has a basic conceptual understanding of both demand response and OpenADR 2.0 (referred to simply as OpenADR from this point forward).

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The OpenADR profile specifications clearly define the expected behaviour when exchanging DR event related information, however there is enough optionality in OpenADR that the deployment of servers (VTNs) at the utility and clients (VENs) at downstream sites is not a plug-n-play experience. OpenADR characteristics such as event signals, report formats, and targeting must be specified on a DR program-by-program basis.

There is no such thing as a standardized DR program. Each DR program design tends to be unique, fitting the structural and regulatory requirements of the geographic region it is deployed in. For each DR program there are numerous possible deployment scenarios involving a variety of actors.

The variability in DR program designs, deployment scenarios, and OpenADR characteristics are an inhibitor to expanded deployment of DR and the use of OpenADR. This variability is for the most part a reflection of the fragmented and complex nature of the smart grid.

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INTRODUCTION

Development of the Demand Response (DR) market has resulted in a transition from manual DR to OpenADR in Automated DR (Auto-DR) programs. As of 2013, over 250 MW was enrolled in California commercial and industrial customers Auto-DR programs using OpenADR 1.0.1 DR is defined as “…action taken to reduce electricity demand in response to price, monetary incentives, or utility directives so as to maintain reliable electric service or avoid high electricity prices.”2 OpenADR 1.0 was developed to support Auto-DR programs and California’s energy policy objec-tives to move toward dynamic pricing to improve the economics and reliability of the electric grid. The recent developments have expanded the use of OpenADR to meet diverse market needs such as ancillary services (Fast DR), dynamic prices, intermittent renewable resources, supple-ment grid-scale storage, electric vehicles, and load as generation. For example, with real-time price information, an automated client within the customer facility can be designed to continuous-ly monitor these prices and translate this information into continuous automated control and re-sponse strategies. This rationale is a fundamental element of the United States (U.S.) Smart Grid interoperability standards, which are developed to improve dynamic optimization of electric sup-ply and demand.

Introducing OpenADR

Ed Koch Honeywell/Akuacom OpenADR Alliance Board Member

Abstract

This paper describes the Smart Grid standards and systems interoperability through Open Automated Demand Response Standard (OpenADR) conformance development process. The process aligns closely with the national and GridWise® Architecture Council’s recommendations for interoperability. This paper looks at the standards development, and certification and testing process through the activities of standards organizations, user-groups, industry alliances, and Smart Grid development. It references the Conformance and Interoperability Process Reference Manuals and requirements of the standards organizations for certification and interoperability of OpenADR standard to address consumers and stakeholder needs. The evaluation framework for OpenADR interoperability is characterized through the data transport mechanisms, harmonization and co-existence with other standards and systems, and Smart Grid interoperability across different markets.

If you are responsible for any part of the electricity grid, you are probably aware that a large share of renewable electricity and electric cars could lead to imbalances, blackouts, and force you to make large investments.

You are probably also aware that smart grids and demand response are a cost effective solution to this potential problem. This is made possible if electric cars with all their inherent power, storage and flexibility could become demand-response assets.

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This paper shows you how to do this by combining the leading open protocol for demand response (OpenADR 2.0) and the leading open protocol for charging electric cars (OCPP).

We conclude by presenting a project using the approach outlined in this paper.

Keywords: Demand response, electric vehicles, open protocols, OpenADR, OCPP, smart grids, smart charging.

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