INTRODUCTION

Development of the Demand Response (DR) market has resulted in a transition from manual DR to OpenADR in Automated DR (Auto-DR) programs. As of 2013, over 250 MW was enrolled in California commercial and industrial customers Auto-DR programs using OpenADR 1.0.1 DR is defined as “…action taken to reduce electricity demand in response to price, monetary incentives, or utility directives so as to maintain reliable electric service or avoid high electricity prices.”2 OpenADR 1.0 was developed to support Auto-DR programs and California’s energy policy objec-tives to move toward dynamic pricing to improve the economics and reliability of the electric grid. The recent developments have expanded the use of OpenADR to meet diverse market needs such as ancillary services (Fast DR), dynamic prices, intermittent renewable resources, supple-ment grid-scale storage, electric vehicles, and load as generation. For example, with real-time price information, an automated client within the customer facility can be designed to continuous-ly monitor these prices and translate this information into continuous automated control and re-sponse strategies. This rationale is a fundamental element of the United States (U.S.) Smart Grid interoperability standards, which are developed to improve dynamic optimization of electric sup-ply and demand.