Inclusive development is a key policy priority since growth processes have not always helped lowerincome groups. Innovation is a major driver of growth and its relationship with inequalities in income and opportunities raises some important policy questions: Do innovation and the resulting technological change necessarily lead to increased inequalities? Do policies aimed at supporting innovation foster inequalities? To what extent can innovation be mobilised to improve the life conditions of the lower income groups? These questions are the basis of this report, which, prepared for the OECD-DST Conference on Innovation for Inclusive Development, reviews the existing evidence in response.

Making Innovation Benefit All: Policies for Inclusive Growth

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. 7

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OVERVIEW OF THE REPORT ................................................................................................................... 11

CHAPTER 1. DIGITAL INNOVATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH ................................................... 25

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 25

1.1. How does innovation affect the well-being of disadvantaged and excluded groups? ........................ 26

1.2. Digital innovation’s impacts on markets and implications for inclusive growth ................................ 31

1.3. Contributions of digital products to social inclusiveness .................................................................... 41

1.4. Challenges and policy options to facilitate inclusive growth opportunities from digital innovations 61

CHAPTER 2. INNOVATION AND TERRITORIAL INCLUSIVENESS: RECENT REGIONAL

TRENDS AND POLICY OPTIONS ............................................................................................................. 85

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 85

2.1. What do we know about innovation, regions and growth? ................................................................. 87

2.2. How have interregional disparities changed over time? ..................................................................... 94

2.3. Is there a relationship between regional concentration, disparities, and performance? .................... 116

2.4. What can and should policy do to support territorial inclusiveness in light of these trends? ........... 118

2.5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 133

Annex A. Data specifications at regional level ........................................................................................ 142

CHAPTER 3. INCLUSIVE INNOVATION POLICIES: LESSONS FROM INTERNATIONAL CASE

STUDIES ..................................................................................................................................................... 145

Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 145

3.1. The distribution of innovation capacities and opportunities: effects on inclusiveness ..................... 146

3.2. Innovation policies for tackling social, industrial and territorial inclusiveness challenges .............. 160

3.3. Rationales for implementing inclusive innovation policies .............................................................. 178

3.4. Specific implementation challenges and policy responses ............................................................... 186

Annex A. Toolkit on innovation policies for inclusiveness ..................................................................... 212

CHAPTER 4. INCLUSIVENESS AND INNOVATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION .............................. 223

Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 223

4.1. Inclusive education for innovation .................................................................................................... 224

4.2. Inclusiveness in higher education: inequality in access and retention .............................................. 231

4.3. Innovative policies for educational inclusiveness ............................................................................. 242

4.4. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 249

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由中国科学技术发展战略研究院与国际经济合作组织（OECD）联合研究撰写的报告 “Overview of Inclusive Innovation Policies in the People’s Republic of China”，近日在OECD包容性创新项目官网首页正式发布。

包容性创新是近年兴起的国际性议题，中国多年的科技创新实践具有鲜明的包容性创新特色，对中国实践经验的总结，不仅可以丰富包容性创新的理论，也为世界其他国家和地区提供有借鉴意义的参考。报告的主要内容包括：第一，简述了包容性的概念和基本特征，以及中国开展包容性创新的必要性；第二，分析了包容性创新推动社会发展方面的政策与行动；第三，分析了科技扶贫以及科技促进区域发展方面的政策与主要做法；第四，分析了促进产业发展及中小微企业发展方面的包容性创新政策；第五，分析了促进草根群体开展创新的科技政策及中国草根创新的典型案例；第六，分析了包容性创新在中国面临的挑战和前景。

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报告的中文版《中国的包容性创新》已于2015年10月由科学技术文献出版社正式出版。

The "Innovation Policies for Inclusive Growth" publication focuses on how innovation can serve inclusive development. It discusses a variety of inclusive innovations aimed at improving the welfare of excluded groups, notably in terms of essential public services and policy approaches to support inclusive innovation. It also looks at industrial and territorial inclusiveness.

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