The Entrepreneurial State Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths
Mariana Mazzucato
CONTENTS
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List of Tables and Figures
List of Acronyms
Acknowledgements
Foreword by Carlota Perez
Introduction: Do Something Different
A Discursive Battle
Beyond Fixing Failures
From ‘Crowding In’ to ‘Dynamizing In’
Images Matter
Structure of the Book
Chapter 1: From Crisis Ideology to the Division of Innovative Labour
And in the Eurozone
State Picking Winners vs. Losers Picking the State
Beyond Market Failures and System Failures
The Bumpy Risk Landscape
Symbiotic vs. Parasitic Innovation ‘Ecosystems’
Financialization
Chapter 2: Technology, Innovation and Growth
Technology and Growth
From Market Failures to System Failures
Myths about Drivers of Innovation and Ineffective Innovation Policy
Myth 1: Innovation is about R&D
Myth 2: Small is Beautiful
Myth 3: Venture Capital is Risk Loving
Myth 4: We Live in a Knowledge Economy – Just Look at all the Patents!
Myth 5: Europe’s Problem is all about Commercialization
Myth 6: Business Investment Requires ‘Less Tax and Red Tape’
Chapter 3: Risk-Taking State: From ‘De-risking’ to ‘Bring It On!’
What Type of Risk?
State Leading in Radical (Risky) Innovation
Pharmaceuticals: Radical vs. ‘Me Too’ Drugs
Biotechnology: Public Leader, Private Laggard
The National Institutes of Health: Creating the Wave vs. Surfing It
Chapter 4: The Us Entrepreneurial State
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Programme
Orphan Drugs
The National Nanotechnology Initiative
Chapter 5: The State behind the iPhone
The ‘State’ of Apple Innovation
Surfing through the Waves of Technological Advancements
From Apple I to the iPad: The State’s very visible hand
How State-funded research made possible Apple’s ‘invention’ of the iPod
Giant magnetoresistance (GMR), SPINTRONICS programme and hard disk drives
Solid-state chemistry and silicon-based semiconductor devices
From capacitive sensing to click-wheels
The Birth of the iPod’s Siblings: The iPhone and iPad
From click-wheels to multi-touch screens
Internet and HTTP/HTML
GPS and SIRI
Battery, display and other technologies
Did the US Government ‘Pick’ the iPod?
Fostering an Indigenous Sector
Chapter 6: Pushing vs. Nudging the Green Industrial Revolution
Funding a Green Industrial Revolution
National Approaches to Green Economic Development
China’s ‘green’ 5-year plan
UK’s start–stop approach to green initiatives
United States: An ambiguous approach to green technologies
Pros and cons of the US model
Pushing – Not Stalling – Green Development
The Importance of Patient Capital: Public Finance and State Development Banks
Chapter 7: Wind and Solar Power: Government Success Stories and Technology
in Crisis
Wind and Solar Power: Growth Powered by Crisis
From the First ‘Wind Rush’ to the Rise of China’s Wind Power Sector
Solar Power Companies and the Origin of Their Technologies
Solar Bankruptcies: Where There’s a Will There’s a Way
Competition, Innovation and Market Size (Who’s Complaining?)
Conclusion: Clean Technology in Crisis
Myth 1: It’s all about R&D
Myth 2: Small is beautiful
Myth 3: Venture capital is risk loving
Building a green innovation ecosystem (symbiotic not parasitic)
Chapter 8: Risks and Rewards: From Rotten Apples to Symbiotic Ecosystems
Back to Apple: What Did the US Government Get Back for Its Investments?
Apple’s job-creation myth: Not all jobs are created equally
Apple’s love–hate relationship with US tax policies
The paradox of miracles in the digital economy: Why does corporate success
result in regional economic misery?
Where Are Today’s Bell Labs?
Chapter 9: Socialization of Risk and Privatization of Rewards: Can the
Entrepreneurial State Eat Its Cake Too?
The Skewed Reality of Risk and Reward
A New Framework
Direct or Indirect Returns
Chapter 10: Conclusion
Appendix
Bibliography
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