卫星互联网专题研究

卫星互联网——空天地泛在通信的必要环节

西南证券研究发展中心

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通信研究团队

2023年6月

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空天地一体，蓄势待发

——卫星互联网掘金系列（1）

2023 年6 月24 日

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蒋颖 通信行业首席分析师

S1500521010002

+86 15510689144

jiangying@cindasc.com

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Satellite communication plays a necessary role in the global connectivity ecosystem, connecting rural and remote populations, providing backhaul connectivity to mobile cellular networks, and rapidly establishing communication in emergency and disaster response scenarios. This Asian Development Bank (ADB) Sustainable Development Working Paper, the first in a series reviewing emerging innovations in connectivity technologies, focuses on low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites, which have been in deployment for decades and are again a subject of intensive investment as new large constellations are in early stages of deployment. These new LEO constellations, such as those being deployed by Starlink by SpaceX, Project Kuiper by Amazon, OneWeb, Lightspeed by Telesat, among others, may prove to be transformational to the connectivity landscape based on their global coverage and their suitability for areas not served by fiber optic cable networks.

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ADB’s developing member countries are well placed to leverage and benefit from this expansion of internet connectivity, particularly for underserved geographies and countries with limited international internet bandwidth, such as landlocked developing countries and small island developing states. With their global reach and coverage, LEO constellations are expected to dramatically expand the availability of high-speed broadband internet access with levels of service that rival fiber optic cables in terms of speed and latency, and at significantly reduced price levels compared to traditional geostationary satellites.

A proactive engagement with LEO solutions is likely to yield benefits as the relevant business models are still evolving. Well-informed early action by regulators and investors can ensure that developing member countries prepare for opportunities presented by the anticipated expansion of connectivity bandwidth.

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∎ A number of companies from the US and China plan to build networks of several thousand satellites each to enable access to the Internet from any point on Earth. These satellites will be stationed in low Earth orbit.

∎ If these plans are put into practice, the global Internet infrastructure will acquire a whole new dimension. This would have far-reaching conse-quences for Internet access, the security and resilience of Internet infra-structure, and power relations in global Internet governance.

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∎ The home countries of the leading companies – above all the US, followed by China – would have extensive potential for political influ-ence. They would be able to control, at the level of the Internet’s global infrastructure, the worldwide flows of information.

∎ This research paper draws two scenarios to illustrate the range of possible developments and the corresponding potential responses: one describes the development of global oligopolies, the other a form of politically regulated global competition.

∎ German and European political decision-makers should use regulations and public funding to work towards a future Internet infrastructure that is secure and reliable. The basis for this is the redundancy and diversity of the underlying technology. To this end, the new satellite constellations can be an important part of an appropriate mix of technologies.

∎ It would be both politically and economically desirable for Europe to build its own constellation.

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Satellite communications dominate current and planned military and government communications systems and make Net-Centric Warfare possible. This course provides a review of current and future military satellite communications. Internet protocol (IP) and IP over Satellite (IPoS) are addressed showing this protocol's strengths and weaknesses as a facilitator of Net-Centric warfare.

SpaceX (the brainchild of Elon Musk) is an aerospace company that is currently developing a constellation of satellites to deliver internet worldwide under the name Starlink. Thanks to reusable launch rockets, these low-orbit satellites cost a fraction of the price of typical satellite launches, making it easier and more affordable to launch satellites at scale.

Internet satellite companies, such as Starlink, OneWeb and Blue Origin (Amazon), aim at providing global internet access via satellites. This will bring many benefits to citizens, isolated regions and the global economy, but what if internet satellites collide with other satellites? What if an internet satellite company becomes the next internet monopoly? What if satellite debris hits people on the ground?