Space systems, ranging from satellites to mission control centers, are frequently the target of cyberattacks. Despite

the space industry's technical sophistication, their cybersecurity efforts have lagged behind that of other

high-technology sectors. Evidenced by the prevalence of vulnerabilities and attack vectors that go unchecked, space

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systems ranging from CubeSats to sophisticated rovers have considerable cybersecurity challenges. Although some of

these issues are no different than other industries, space systems are met with a unique confluence of cybersecurity

risks that complicates the sector's remediation capabilities. This paper explores factors that led to the space sector's

poor cybersecurity posture, various cyberattacks against space systems, and existing mitigation techniques employed

by the sector. Analyzing the current state of the industry along with security practices across similar sectors, several

security principles for satellites and space assets are proposed to help reorient the sector toward designing,

developing, building, and managing cyber secure systems. These security principles address both technical and policy

issues in order to address all space system stakeholders.

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Satellite ground systems represent an often neglected aspect of cyber security when dis-cussing Air Force and Department of Defense cyber vulnerabilities. An increasing amount of cyber security research and attacks focus on space ground systems in the form of satellite con-trol, satellite communications terminal hacking, and GPS spoofing. Public evidence exists demonstrating nation-state adversary willingness and intent for attacking these systems. Ground systems find themselves in a gray area of compliance between the two cyber security risk man-agement regulations DoDI 8510 and Committee on National Security Systems Instruction 1253. Both require compliance to security controls, but neither build in the evaluation or mandatory controls necessary for the mitigation of risk. A further examination of private industry standards and theory shows better methods of mitigating cyber security risk via simplifying the security controls necessary, using time-based methods for analyzing controls, and conducting preventa-tive cyber security engineering on new systems for the provision of information assurance.

Satellites play a significant role in communication, early warning systems, global broadcasting, meteorology, navigation, reconnaissance, remote sensing, and surveillance.Satellite services cover practically every sector, from mobile cellular communication to telemedicine, so any interference with them could have a serious effect. Satellites are a strategic asset for any country and are considered as “critical infrastructure,” therefore they are considerable as privileged targets for a possible cyber attack.

Hack-A-Sat 2 (HAS2)

Finalists FAQ

Version 1 – 10/27/2021

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www.HackASat.com

Air Force Research Laboratory

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Version 0 - 5/4/2021

www.HackASat.com

Air Force Research Laboratory

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Information Directorate, RIBA

525 Brooks Road

Rome, New York 13441

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The picosatellite field has exploded, going from fewer than 10

launched per year to over 100 launches halfway through 2015.

You no longer need access to a large university or lab to launch

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a satellite. Even a motivated high school group can build (and

launch) one.

Radio spectrum for commanding (and receiving data from) satellites

is a shared resource with subtle hurdles. This book walks the

path originally paved by AMSATs to discuss the steps and licensing

needed to set up and operate both a command uplink and a

data download station and network. Find out how playing nicely

with others maximizes your ability to get your data down.

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