This report provides an analysis of digital transformation (DT) in a selection of policy areas covering transport, construction, energy, and digital government and public administration. DT refers in the report to the profound changes that are taking place in all sectors of the economy and society as a result of the uptake and integration of digital technologies in every aspect of human life. Digital technologies are having increasing impacts on the way of living, of working, on communication, and on social interaction of a growing share of the population. DT is expected to be a strategic policy area for a number of years to come and there is an urgent need to be able to identify and address current and future challenges for the economy and society, evaluating impact and identifying areas requiring policy intervention. Because of the very wide range of interrelated domains to be considered when analysing DT, a multidisciplinary approach was adopted to produce this report, involving experts from different domains. For each of the four sectors that are covered, the report presents an overview of DT, DT enablers and barriers, its economic and social impacts, and concludes with the way forward for policy and future research.
While physical threats to the U.S. power grid and pipelines have long worried policymakers, cyber threats to the computer systems that operate this critical infrastructure are an increasing concern. Cybersecurity risks against the power and pipeline sectors are similar, as both use similar control systems, and there appears to be a broad consensus that cyber threats to this infrastructure are on the rise. Furthermore, with ever-greater physical interdependency between electricity generators and the natural gas pipelines that supply their fuel, many in Congress recognize that grid and pipeline cybersecurity are intertwined. In 2015, the Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act (the FAST Act) provided the Secretary of Energy with new authority to protect or restore the power grid during a grid security emergency, including a cyber incident. Congress is considering additional legislation to fund and expand the Department of Energy’s cybersecurity programs.
This report seeks to provide more clarity for decision makers on what digitalization means for energy – shining a light on both its enormous potential and most pressing challenges. It is the first effort from the International Energy Agency (IEA) to comprehensively depict how digitalization is reshaping the energy sector. It is also intended to serve as a springboard for future work.
本报告由王庆一先生编写，绿色创新发展中心审核，能源基金会资助。
关于作者
王庆一，生于 1935 年，江苏江阴人，中国煤炭信息研究院研究员。王庆一先生是我国知名能源专家，中国能源研究会联合创始人，国家科委研究中心兼职研究员，中国矿业大学兼职教授，世界银行亚洲开发银行项目专家，美国能源基金会项目特聘专家，国网能源研究院特邀专家。1960 年到 2020 年，发表文章 293 篇，共计 411 万字。主持主导能源政策研究项目 69 项（其中海峡两岸项目 1 项，国际合作项目 35项），撰写研究报告 320 万字。编著年度能源数据 264 万字（1980 年-2020 年）。著有《中国能源》、《能源年评》、《年度报告》、《能源字典》等专著，总计 177 万字。作品累计 1172 万字。
能源是人类文明进步的基础和动力，攸关国计民生和国家安全，关系人类生存和发展，对于促进经济社会发展、增进人民福祉至关重要。
新中国成立以来，在中国共产党领导下，中国自力更生、艰苦奋斗，逐步建成较为完备的能源工业体系。改革开放以来，中国适应经济社会快速发展需要，推进能源全面、协调、可持续发展，成为世界上最大的能源生产消费国和能源利用效率提升最快的国家。 中共十八大以来，中国发展进入新时代，中国的能源发展也进入新时代。习近平主席提出“四个革命、一个合作”能源安全新战略，为新时代中国能源发展指明了方向，开辟了中国特色能源发展新道路。中国坚持创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念，以推动高质量发展为主题，以深化供给侧结构性改革为主线，全面推进能源消费方式变革，构建多元清洁的能源供应体系，实施创新驱动发展战略，不断深化能源体制改革，持续推进能源领域国际合作，中国能源进入高质量发展新阶段。 生态兴则文明兴。面对气候变化、环境风险挑战、能源资源约束等日益严峻的全球问题，中国树立人类命运共同体理念，促进经济社会发展全面绿色转型，在努力推动本国能源清洁低碳发展的同时，积极参与全球能源治理，与各国一道寻求加快推进全球能源可持续发展新道路。习近平主席在第七十五届联合国大会一般性辩论上宣布，中国将提高国家自主贡献力度，采取更加有力的政策和措施，二氧化碳排放力争于2030年前达到峰值，努力争取2060年前实现碳中和。新时代中国的能源发展，为中国经济社会持续健康发展提供有力支撑，也为维护世界能源安全、应对全球气候变化、促进世界经济增长作出积极贡献。
未来数十年内，依靠数字技术的进步，世界各地的能源系统将更加紧密相连，更加智能、高效、可靠和可持续。目前在数据、解析学（analytics）和连通性等方面令人瞩目的进步使得一系列新的数字应用，如智能家电、共享出行和 3D 打印等技术纷纷成为现实。未来的数字化能源系统将能够识别能源需求方，并在正确的时间以最低的成本将能源输送至正确的位置。不过，想要万事如意其实并不简单。
得益于数字化技术，能源系统的安全性、生产力、可及性和可持续性都在持续提高。但是，数字化也带来了新的安全和隐私风险。我们的市场、企业和就业都在随之而改变。新的商业模式正在兴起，同时，一些百年老店式的旧模式也正在退出商业舞台。
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