FEBRUARY 2021

AUTHORS | Todd Harrison, Kaitlyn Johnson, Makena Young

DEFENSE AGAINST

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THE DARK ARTS

IN SPACE

Protecting Space Systems from Counterspace Weapons

A Report of the CSIS Aerospace Security Project

FOREWORD | Doug Loverro

Lanham · Boulder · New York · London

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An Architecture, System Engineering, and Acquisition Approach for Space System Software Resiliency

by Dewanne Marie Phillips

B.S. in Mathematics/Computer Science, May 1984, Marymount College

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M.S. in Computer Science, MSIT-SEM, August 2012, Carnegie Mellon University

A Dissertation submitted to

The Faculty of

The School of Engineering and Applied Science

of The George Washington University

in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

January 19, 2018

Dissertation directed by

Thomas Andrew Mazzuchi

Professor of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering & of Decision Sciences

Shahram Sarkani

Professor of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering

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• The world is moving to digital engineering

• DoD Digital Engineering Strategy (2018)

• Digital engineering is being pushed further down into the supply chain as a requirement

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• Digital engineering enables stakeholders to solve problems in ground-breaking ways,

addressing long-standing challenges with linear design and stove-piped information & communications

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Space systems, ranging from satellites to mission control centers, are frequently the target of cyberattacks. Despite

the space industry's technical sophistication, their cybersecurity efforts have lagged behind that of other

high-technology sectors. Evidenced by the prevalence of vulnerabilities and attack vectors that go unchecked, space

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systems ranging from CubeSats to sophisticated rovers have considerable cybersecurity challenges. Although some of

these issues are no different than other industries, space systems are met with a unique confluence of cybersecurity

risks that complicates the sector's remediation capabilities. This paper explores factors that led to the space sector's

poor cybersecurity posture, various cyberattacks against space systems, and existing mitigation techniques employed

by the sector. Analyzing the current state of the industry along with security practices across similar sectors, several

security principles for satellites and space assets are proposed to help reorient the sector toward designing,

developing, building, and managing cyber secure systems. These security principles address both technical and policy

issues in order to address all space system stakeholders.

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