􀀁◆ Many weapons systems and most military operations require access to multiple domains. These linkages create vulnerabilities that actors can exploit by launching cross-domain attacks; the United States may seek to deter such attacks by threatening cross-domain responses. However, both the U.S. Government and potential adversaries lack a shared framework for analyzing how coun-terspace and cyber attacks fit into an accepted escalation ladder.

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􀀁◆ The real-world effects of attacks that strike targets in space and cyberspace and affect capabilities and events in other domains should be the basis for assessing their im-plications and determining whether responses in different domains are proportionate or escalatory.

􀀁◆ Development of a shared frame-work that integrates actions in the emerging strategic domains of space and cyberspace with actions in traditional domains would give decisionmakers a better sense

of which actions and responses are expected and accepted in real-world scenarios and which responses would be escalatory. This would support more coherent cross-domain contingency plan-ning within the U.S. Government and deterrence threats that poten-tial adversaries perceive as clearer and more credible.

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