Open Research Online

The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs

The programmable logic controller : its prehistory, emergence and application

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Thesis

How to cite:

Walker, Mark John (2012). The programmable logic controller : its prehistory, emergence and application.

PhD thesis The Open University.

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Microservices: yesterday, today, and tomorrow

Nicola Dragoni, Saverio Giallorenzo, Alberto Lluch Lafuente, Manuel Mazzara

Fabrizio Montesi, Ruslan Mustafin, Larisa Safina

A Short History About PLC and DCS

Alfred Theorin

Vanessa Romero Segovia

Werner von Siemens: A Brimming Spirit

a modern entrepreneurial history,

edited by

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Nathalie von Siemens

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BLACK VIENNA

THE RADICAL RIGHT IN THE

RED CITY, 1918–1938

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Janek Wasserman

CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS

Ithaca and London

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Restoring the Gothic:

The Fate of Medieval Cathedrals in a Divided Germany, 1945-Present

This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Honors Program of the Department of Architecture in the Fay Jones School of Architecture + Design

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by

Haley Walton

Fall 2016

University of Arkansas

Thesis Advisor:

Dr. Kim Sexton

Department of Architecture

Committee Member:

Dr. Ethel Goodstein-Murphree

Department of Architecture

Committee Member:

Dr. Laurence Hare

Department of History

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History of Deutsche Messe

1947，Establishment of the Deutsche Messe- und Ausstellungs-AG exhibition company Deutsche Messe AG was founded on 16 August 1947 as Deutsche Messe- und Ausstellungs- AG (German Trade Fair and Exhibition Company) with a registered share capital of 1.2 million reichsmarks. This was an initiative of the British occupying forces in consultation with the commander-in-chief of the American zone. The objective was to get Germany back on its feet economically by revving up its export business.After a 21-day run resulted in the signing of 1,934 export deals worth $31.6 million, the "Hannover Export Fair" was deemed a success.

Focusing on the design and implementation of an important new production technology—computer-based automatic machine tools—David F. Noble challenges the idea that technology has a life of its own which proceeds along a singular path. Such as seen, technology has been both a convenient scapegoat and a universal panacea, serving to disarm critics, divert attention, depoliticize debate, and dismiss discussion of the fundamental antagonisms and inequalities that continue to beset America. This provocative study of the postwar automation of the American metal-working industry—the heart of a modern industrial economy—explains how dominant institutions like the great corporations, the universities, and the military, along with the ideology of modern engineering, actually shape the development of technology itself.

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Noble shows how the system of “numerical control,” perfected at MIT and put into general industrial use, was chosen over competing systems for reasons other than the technical and economic superiority typically advanced by its promoters. Numerical control took shape at an MIT laboratory rather than in a manufacturing setting, and a market for the new technology was created, not by cost-minded professors, but instead by the U.S. Air Force. Meanwhile, completing methods, equally promising, were rejected because, among other reasons, they left control of production in the hands of the skilled workers, rather than in those of management or programmers. Thus, Noble demonstrates, engineering design in influenced by political, economic managerial, and sociological considerations, while the deployment of equipment—illustrated by a detailed case history of a large General Electric plant in Massachusetts—can become entangled with such matters as labor classification, shop organization, managerial responsibility, and patterns of authority.

In its examination of technology as a human, social process, Forces of Production is a pathbreaking contribution to the understanding of this phenomenon in American society.

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